Using your outline and report from week 6 and 7, transfer the information into a presentation format for a professional setting. For your presentation, you can either use voice over (through PowerPoint) or use speaker notes. Either one will suffice. Make sure that your presentation covers the main components of your report using the stylistic choices discussed in chapter 16 and throughout the videos. *Your presentation slides should provide a concise overview of material and your voice over or speaker notes should provide a more in-depth explanation of the slide material. * Basic Requirements: At least 10 slides At least 5 sources (clearly cited in slides) Use of voice over OR speaker notes 1 Air and Water Pollution Preetham Sai Bitla (ID: 1468941) Trine University Executive Communications (BA—5223-30-OL-SP-2020) Professor’s Pucci 30-Apr-2021 2 Air and Water Pollution Pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the environment. In most cases, pollution involves the introduction of harmful substances to the atmosphere. The substances involved in pollution are known as pollutants. There are many forms of pollutants, which can either be natural or artificial. The natural pollutants include different wastes, such as volcanic waste, comprised of harmful chemicals in the environment. The pollutants have many adverse effects, such as damaging the quality of water and air used by human beings, animals, and plants (Stern, 2013). There has been a sharp increase in pollution, resulting in many damaging effects on the environment. As a result of pollution, the original state of the environment is altered due to the pollutants (Bily, 2010). There are many forms of pollutions; however, the study will focus on air and water pollution. Pollution has been classified into two primary categories that are point source pollution and non-point source pollution. For point source pollution, there is a single identifiable source that is associated with the pollution. In most cases, the point sources of pollution have little or no effects on the environment. In addition, point sources of pollution are easier to deal with, as they are concentrated in one area (Stern, 2013). On the other hand, the non-point sources of pollution are developed from different sources, such as precipitation, land runoffs, atmospheric deposition, and seepages. Therefore, the non-point sources of pollution are very harmful as it is difficult to trace their origin. Based on recent research, it has been established that pollution leads to many adverse effects on the environment and the people. For instance, annually pollution is responsible for millions of death of people. Pollution impacts human beings, both directly and indirectly. Some of the direct effects of pollution on human beings include health complications following 3 consumption of contaminated water and breathing air filled with chemicals (NRDC, 2021). The indirect effects of pollution on human beings include different developments, such as food shortages due to the adverse effects associated with global warming. Therefore, based on the overview, it is evident that pollution poses a major threat to human beings in different parts of the globe. With this understanding, the research will focus on two key forms of pollution that are air and water pollution. There will be an extensive analysis of the causes, effects, and different approaches that can be used in addressing the challenges posed by different forms of pollution (Stern, 2013). Air Pollution In the simplest terms, air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air. In most cases, the pollutants result in many detrimental effects on the air and the environment at large (Krzyzanowski, 2010). Air pollutions have been in existence for decades. The development of air pollution started during the prehistoric times when man invented fire. Based on past research, there is adequate evidence on different forms of air pollution; this is exhibited by different indicators, such as soot in prehistoric caves. The formation of soot was due to the lack of adequate ventilation for the fires used by early humans. With the increased civilization of human beings, there were new ways of addressing key developmental needs. For instance, metal forging was considered the key turning point in the development of air pollution. The increasing demand for different metallic tools by human beings increased the need to forge different metals. The metals were forged by burning them with fire; this resulted in many harmful chemicals resulting in immense air pollution. With further developments and advancements in technology, there was a sharp increase in the cases of air pollution. The invention of coal, which was the primary energy source during the 4 Industrial Revolution, led to a rapid increase in air pollution. The accessibility of coal and its ease of use was attributed to increased air pollution (NRDC, 2021). Other developments such as the expansion of the transport network greatly contributed to the growth in air pollution. The rapid population growth was also linked to the rising cases of air pollution. Fast-forward to the present day; air pollution has grown and taken different forms. For instance, the major contributors to air pollutions are from different fossil fuels used in the transport industry and the industrial sector. Many modern factories depend on different fossil fuels, such as automotive gas, oil, and coal, to address the energy needs and demands (NRDC, 2021). The increased use of fossil fuels had led to the development of smog, which has been attributed to the rise in global warming. Therefore, based on the developments, it is evident that air pollution is a major issue necessitating investigation of the causes, effects, and mitigation strategies that can be used in addressing the menace. Causes of Air Pollution Emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are the leading cause of air pollution. In the present day, there has been a sharp increase in the use of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels results in the emission of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases, such as sulfur. When released into the atmosphere, the gases tend to alter air quality, resulting in many adverse effects on human life (NCAR, 2021). Smog is another factor that contributes to the increase in air pollution. The emission of poisonous gases into the atmosphere facilitates the formation of smog. In severe cases, the smog results in the growth of the bad ozone layer, significantly impacting people’s lives on the earth. Smog also impacts people’s visibility (NRDC, 2021). 5 Energy use and production is another major cause of air pollution. With the growing energy demand, there has been a sharp increase in air pollution. A huge percentage of the energy used on earth is generated from fossil fuels (NCAR, 2021). In energy generation, there is increased emission of carbon monoxide, which is a major source of air pollution. Increased industrial activities also serve as the major causes of air pollution. For instance, the construction activities have increased demand for key raw materials, such as cement and steel. There are numerous mining activities for producing raw materials, which generate large amounts of dust into the atmosphere, resulting in severe air pollution (NCAR, 2021). The use of different chemicals, such as pesticides, can also be considered a key cause of air pollution. The chemicals are sprayed on plants; however, a huge chunk of the chemicals end up evaporating and rising into the air resulting in air pollution. Effects of Air Pollution There are many effects associated with air pollution. In most cases, the effects of air pollution have a significant toll on human beings, plants, and animals. Due to air pollution, there is the formation of smog and soot, which has adverse effects on the environment. There is a reduction in the supply of fresh air for human beings; this impacts their quality of life. Air pollution is responsible for the increased emission of greenhouse gases. The gases have adverse effects on the plants, animals, and human beings on earth. For instance, greenhouse gases affect food productivity in farms resulting in shortages (NCAR, 2021). Therefore, human beings and animals face many challenges, such as hunger resulting from greenhouse gases. Global warming is another major effect associated with air pollution. Increased emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere has destroyed the ozone layer. Therefore, there has been an increase in global temperatures. This has led to many challenges, such as drought and other 6 complications. Global warming has also altered the climatic conditions on earth, resulting in excessive rains or prolonged drought. As a result of air pollution, there has been a sharp increase in the population’s health issues. For instance, the destruction of the ozone layer has exposed human beings to many cancerous rays. In recent times, the number of reported cancer cases has been on the rise. Some of the cases can be attributed to air pollution (NRDC, 2021). Other health issues associated with air pollution include the increase in breathing complications affecting human beings. For instance, cases of asthma have been on the rise due to air pollution.Therefore, air pollution has many adverse effects. An increase in air pollution affects both plants, animals, and human beings. The developments, therefore, call for the adoption of different strategies that will aid the fight against air pollution. Reduction of Air Pollution Many strategies can be utilized in the fight against air pollution. For instance, reducing carbon emissions will play a crucial role in addressing the rising cases of air pollution. Carbon emissions contribute a significant percentage of air pollutants. Therefore, there is a need to take the necessary measures and precautions in reducing the emission of carbon gases into the atmosphere (NRDC, 2021). The utilization of renewable sources of energy is another approach that will facilitate the fight against air pollution. The use of renewable sources of energy, such as solar, will help in reducing carbon emissions; this will be crucial in the fight against air pollution (NCAR, 2021). Mass education will also aid the fight against air pollution. They are taking the initiative to educate the public on the adverse effects associated with air education. Through the training, the people will become more careful in reducing the activities that contribute to air pollution. 7 Laws and legislation will also help in the reduction of rampant cases of air pollution. It will be easier to control the number of pollutants emitted to the environment (NRDC, 2021). The legislation will also help in providing guidelines on actions that will aid the fight against air pollution. Water Pollution Globally, the issue of water pollution has become a major issue. Water pollution involves the addition of harmful substances to different water bodies, such as rivers, streams, lakes, oceans, etc. (Trevors, 2009). When emitted to the water bodies, the chemicals tend to alter the composition of the water, leading to many complications (Andreas, 2020). The water quality is adversely affected; this impacts aquatic life, plants, animals, and human beings who rely on the water. Categories of Water Pollution There are many categories of water pollution. The classification is dependent on the location and the source of pollutants. The main categories are highlighted below. Groundwater pollution This type of pollution occurs when the original composition of groundwater is altered by chemicals, such as pesticides and other chemicals, such as fertilizers. Globally, a majority of people rely on groundwater in addressing their daily needs. The contaminants of groundwater tend to seep towards the aquifers and alter the chemical composition of the water. This type of pollution is very hard to deal with. Surface water pollution Over 70% of the earth is covered by water. 8 Surface water is found in rivers, lakes, oceans, dams, and seas, among others. Surface water pollution occurs when chemicals and other harmful substances, such as sewerages, are emitted into surface water (Andreas, 2020). The pollutants come from homes, industries, and other sources, such as individuals dumping wastes into the water bodies. Ocean water pollution A majority of the ocean water pollutants come from the land. Ocean water pollution is very rampant since a majority of the wastes end up in oceans. Oil spills may also cause ocean water pollution by ships and tankers. Other sources of ocean water pollution include plastics (Andreas, 2020). Point source water pollution Point source water pollution is when the pollutants originate from one specific source. For instance, point source water pollution may happen when the pollutants come from an oil refinery or a wastewater treatment facility (Andreas, 2020). Sewerage and wastewater pollution etc. This type of water pollution happens when sewerage is disposed of on water bodies. The pollutions tend to alter the water bodies resulting in adverse effects on aquatic life. Causes of Water Pollution Many agents cause water pollution. The agents tend to alter the chemical composition of the water, making it unfit for human consumption. The common causes of water pollution include industrial wastes. Industrial wastes are generated after the production of goods. The wastes pollute the water at their disposal on water bodies (Andreas, 2020). Sewerage, on the other hand, pollutes water when disposed of on water bodies. The sewerage is comprised of toxic chemicals that alter the composition of water. 9 Oil leaks happen when oil is and other petroleum products are disposed of on water bodies. The leaks are among the worst pollutants as they are hectic to deal with. Oil leaks also have adverse effects on aquatic life (Andreas, 2020). Some agricultural activity such as farming results in water pollution. For instance, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides results in pollution as the chemicals end up in water bodies. On the other hand, global warming results in pollution as it allows the addition of toxic chemicals on water bodies (Andreas, 2020). Other causes of water pollution include radioactive wastes emitted from nuclear plants. Radioactive wastes have many adverse effects on water bodies. Effects of Water Pollution Water pollution is associated with many adverse effects, such as health issues for human beings. Consumption of contaminated water causes health complications such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid. Other pollutants, such as radioactive wastes, result in severe diseases, such as cancer (Clark, 1972). Destruction of the environment is another effect of water pollution. The emission of pollutants on water affects the aquatic environment. Following the emissions, the plants relying on the water are destroyed; this results in many adverse effects on the environment, such as the destruction of vegetation (Clark, 1972). The death of aquatic life is mostly caused by water pollution. The introduction of some pollutants, such as oil, reduces oxygen saturation in water. If the oil is not cleared, there are massive death of aquatic life (Andreas, 2020). The destruction of aquatic life has many adverse effects on the stability of the marine ecosystem (Clark, 1972). The introduction of pollutants to water bodies also destroys habitats of aquatic life. 10 Addressing Water Pollution Water pollution can be addressed through education and sensitization of the public. The people contribute to over 90% of the reported cases of water pollution. Through education and sensitization, it becomes easier to reduce the reported cases of water pollution. Water pollution can also be reduced by reducing the use of fossil fuels (Mahanty et al., 2012). The use of laws and legislation can also help in reducing the causes of water pollution. For instance, the ships transporting oil should be regularly inspected to minimize their chances of polluting water. There is also a need to regulate the use of chemicals to minimize the causes of pollution (Mahanty et al., 2012). Other strategies that can help in reducing pollution include creating public awareness on the issues. Summary and Conclusion The report has provided an in-depth overview of different sources of pollution. Through the research, there was a definition the water and air pollution and an overview of the historical development of the two forms of pollution. The research has also outlined the main causes of water and air pollution. Throughout the analysis, the research highlighted the effects associated with air and water pollution. Finally, there was an overview of different measures that can help address air and water pollution cases. Overall, the report was insightful and emphasized the need to address air and water pollution issues. 11 References Andreas. (2020). Causes, Effects and Solutions for Water Pollution – E&C. E&C. Retrieved 29 April 2021, from https://environmental-conscience.com/causes-effects-solutions-for-waterpollution/. Bily, C. (2010). Pollution. Greenhaven Press. Clark, R. (1972). Water pollution (part II). The control of water pollution; the effects of marine pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 3(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(72)901476 Krzyzanowski, J. (2010). Approaching Cumulative Effects through Air Pollution Modelling. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 214(1-4), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270010-0421-1 Mahanty, S., Dang, T., & Gianghai, P. (2012). Crafting Sustainability: Managing Water Pollution in Viet Nam’s Craft Villages. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2094814 NCAR. (2021). Air Pollution: A Global Problem | NCAR Research Applications Laboratory | RAL. Ral.ucar.edu. Retrieved 29 April 2021, from https://ral.ucar.edu/pressroom/features/air-pollution-a-global-problem. NRDC. (2021). Air Pollution: Everything You Need to Know. NRDC. Retrieved 29 April 2021, from https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-need-know. 12 Trevors, J. (2009). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Water, Air, And Soil Pollution, 205(S1), 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0283-6 Stern, A. (2013). Air pollution. Elsevier. Air and Water Pollution Preetham Sai Bitla (ID: 1468941) Trine University Executive Communications (BA—5223-30-OL-SP-2020) Professor’s Pucci 23-Apr-2021 1 Introduction Air and Water Pollution Pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the environment. As a result of pollution, the original state of the environment is altered as a result of the pollutants (Bily, 2010). There are many forms of pollutions; however, the study will focus on the air and water pollution. Air Pollution In the simplest terms, air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air. In most cases, the pollutants result in many detrimental effects on the air and the environment at large (Krzyzanowski, 2010). Causes of Air Pollution • • • Dust. Energy use and production. Smog Emissions from burning of fossil fuels. Air pollution is caused by many factors, such as: • Effects of Air Pollution There are many effects associated with air pollution: Smog and soot Emission of greenhouse gases. Global warming 2 Increased health issues. Reduction of Air Pollution • • • Laws and legislations etc. Mass education Utilization of renewable sources of energy Reducing carbon emissions Different strategies can be used in addressing the issue of air pollution: • Water Pollution Water pollution refers to the addition of harmful substances to different water bodies, such as rivers, streams, lakes, oceans, etc. (Trevors, 2009). Categories of Water Pollution • • • • Sewerage and wastewater pollution etc. Point source water pollution Ocean water pollution Surface water pollution Groundwater pollution The categories include: • Causes of Water Pollution Industrial wastes Water pollution is caused by: • 3 • • • • • Radioactive wastes Global warming Agricultural activities Oil leaks Sewerage Effects of Water Pollution • • • Destruction of habitats etc. Death of animals Destruction of environment Health issues for humans Water pollution is associated with many adverse effects, such as: • • • Laws and legislations Sensitization of public Water pollution can be addressed through: Addressing Water Pollution • Summary and Conclusion A detailed summary of key issues discussed on air and water pollution 4 References Bily, C. (2010). Pollution. Greenhaven Press. Krzyzanowski, J. (2010). Approaching Cumulative Effects through Air Pollution 5 Modelling. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 214(1-4), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270010-0421-1 Trevors, J. (2009). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Water, Air, And Soil Pollution, 205(S1), 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0283-6 Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: Executive Communications traditional status Point source pollution Non point solution water pollution User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.