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The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference
Introduction
Although humanity has lived together since the inception of the universe, some of the
monstrous events have happened on so many occasions in the past painting humanity in evil
picture. The root causes of the many acts that have depicted humanity as evil beings lies in the
cultural and racial identifications which seem to create hate along the different lines. According
to Cohen (n.d) the monstrous acts of humanity such as the justification of the extermination and
colonization by the inhabitants of Canaan using the cultural difference and racial difference as an
excuse for their monstrous acts. This paper discusses the justifications of the monstrous acts of
humanity based on the cultural and racial differences. The paper would use quantitative research,
interviews and questionaries to establish the origin of the monstrous human behavior along the
lines of race. Many research studies have how the perpetrators of monstrous acts of racial
violence such as civil and ethnic conflicts have caused tremendous human suffering.
Literature Review
The monstrous acts of human animosity have not begun lately but dates way back into
the beginning of the universe. The bible itself acknowledges that the human animosity was
witnessed in the first generations of humanity. According to Keller (2020) human animosity on
the basis of racial differences lies in the need for self-justification despite Paul’s teachings that
God did fellowship Christians should not fellowship on the basis of race. The racial identity is
dominant in the minds of every human being hence justifies their racial hate for other races. For
instance, the racial animosity during the Corona virus pandemic were witnessed against the
Asian race in the US considering that the Covid 19 originated from China (Lu and Sheng 2022).
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Therefore, racial discrimination is fueled by economic, social, and political factors. Racial
animosity has caused civil wars, genocides and global political conflicts. For instance, in the US
the acts of slavery in 1861 and ethnic discrimination meted on the Black Americans on the basis
of their skin color were son inhumane and brutal and the scars are still visible to date.
On the other hand, the acts of racial differences have caused untold human suffering.
According to Cederman, Schubiger and Villamil (2020) the cause of civilian victimization and
civil war which are often perpetrated by the government armed forces is nothing but the racial
and ethnic animosity which may have developed over time. For example, during civil wars such
as the Cambodian genocide was squarely based on the racial discrimination against the
Cambodia’s ethnic minorities. Therefore, it can be concluded that the root cause of the racial and
ethnic animosity is the progressive civil victimization and discrimination. Cederman, Schubiger
and Villamil (2020) highlights that civilian victimization of ethnic groups would likely results in
the civil war. Moreover, the racial negative attitudes against a particular racial group
progressively builds hate against the minority groups which eventually results in disastrous civil
and genocidal conflicts. Further, Engelhardt (2021) outlines that the racial attitudes in the
American society largely shapes the political attitudes such as party affiliations is the biggest
contributor of racial animosity especially between the Blacks and the Whites.
Research Methodology
The research question sought to establish what are the justifications for the monstrous acts of
humanity based on racial and cultural differences. I used quantitative data to compare the
previous research that have been undertaken on the topic. Initially I covered 25 peer reviewed
articles on the topic and finally settled on 10 articles which covered specifically the monstrous
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human conflicts based on racial and culturally ethnicity. Out of the 10 articles 7 documented the
extreme monstrous human acts including racial violence, racial conflict, and acts of genocides.
Secondly, I used the interviews data collection methods to gather the information about the
current state of the monstrous acts of humanity arising from racial identity and ideologies. I
randomly did interviews in the streets asking people about their ideological views of the racial
violence and racial identities. The interview and the questionaries were based on the following
four questions.
a) Do you like people from your opposite race
b) Do you have friends from another racial background
c) Do you support racial segregation
d) Have you ever get involved in racial violence
Thirdly, I developed an only questionnaire data collection process where I sent random
questionaries surveys via social media. For instance, I posted the questionnaire on Facebook and
Twitter to randomly selected participants. Besides I engaged my colleagues in the school
WhatsApp groups to gather their views on how racial animosity should be punished in law.
The research methodology was developed around the conflict theory and the racial
animosity theory. Although few evidence linked the racial identities to the monstrous acts of
inhuman acts of racial animosity to the racial identities, most of the evidence are support the
conflict theory. Primarily, the research findings support the conflict theory considering that the
respondents hold the view that the law and the dominant racial and ethnic groups in society are
using their powers to discriminate and cause human suffering on the minority. For example, the
interviewed claimed that the governments of the day are the ones to blame for incidences of
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monstrous human acts such as genocide, slavery and civil wars since the perpetrators are
supported by the government to cause violence on the minority groups.
Limitations of the Research
One of the major limitations of the research was the unwillingness of the respondents to
discuss their views about racial animosity considering that racial differences have attracted
extreme and violent acts in the past. For instance, some of the individuals with extreme racial
views did not wish to openly discuss their views. Other limitations of the research were the
inadequate previous research on the remedies for the monstrous acts of racial violence despite.
Timeless
Time
Events
Week 1
Preparation and development of the research question
Week 2
Development of the literature review
Week 3
Research methodology
Monday
Developing interview and questionnaire questions
Tuesday
Comparing the qualitative data from previous research
articles on the topic
Tuesday
Conducting interviews
Wednesday
Collecting information from questionaries
Thursday and
Compiling the information from the research methods
Friday
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Week 4
Completion of the research
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References
Cohen J. J. (n.d) Monster Culture (Seven Theses). Cambridge University
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781942401209.006
Lu, R., & Sheng, S. Y. (2022). How racial animus forms and spreads: Evidence from the
coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 200, 82-98.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9355677/
Abramowitz, A., & McCoy, J. (2019). United States: Racial resentment, negative partisanship,
and polarization in Trump’s America. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science, 681(1), 137-156.
Cederman, L. E., Hug, S., Schubiger, L. I., & Villamil, F. (2020). Civilian victimization and
ethnic civil war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64(7-8), 1199-1225. https://earchivo.uc3m.es/bitstream/handle/10016/34492/civilian_JCR_2020_ps.pdf?sequence=1
Engelhardt, A. M. (2021). Racial attitudes through a partisan lens. British Journal of Political
Science, 51(3), 1062-1079.
https://www.amengelhardt.com/files/engelhardt_PID_racial_attitudes_bjps.pdf
Research Project: Research Paper Literature Review
Due by 11:59pm, February 22, uploaded to Blackboard
10% of Course Grade
COMM 301, Prof. Bui
Spring 2024
Objective
The literature review section of a research paper describes what other researchers have written about on
your topic, both broadly and on the specific topic. This assignment is the next section of your Research
Paper on monster studies. With the literature review section, you should submit a revised version of your
proposal minus the goals and timeline. Details on the literature review and library searches were
discussed in the second week of classes.
Instructions
There are two parts to this assignment: (1) revised proposal sections and (2) the full literature review
section.
Revised Proposal Sections (2-4 pages)
This proposal sections should be revised with the feedback from the graded version and included
(with suggested length) in this assignment. Remove the crossed-out sections from the proposal
since this new assignment will no longer be a proposal but becomes the next draft in your
research paper.
¨ Introduction to and justification of monster studies research topic (1-2 paragraphs)
¨ Research problem statement/question (1-2 clear sentences)
¨ [Note: rewrite and move the preliminary literature review into the full literature review
section]
¨ Scholarly goals of your research (1 paragraph)
¨ Proposed research method (see “Tips on Method and Theories” on Blackboard) (1
paragraph for this proposal assignment. Will add to it later.)
¨ Timeline for completion of project that outlines specifically your own deadlines for
various sections or drafts on your paper prior to the final paper due date (half a page)
¨ Bibliography (Works Cited) of sources used in the proposal (length is as long as
needed)
Full Literature Review Section (4-6 pages)
This section takes the preliminary literature review, adds in more scholarly* sources for a
minimum total of ten sources, and reorganizes for logical flow, transitions, and synthesis. This
section should be 3-5 pages added to the revised proposal sections and include:
¨ Rewritten Preliminary Literature Review (minimum five scholarly sources from
proposal)
¨ Additional scholarly sources that relate to your project to meet the minimum of ten
sources.
¨ A theory or theoretical concept to frame your analysis (should have been chosen in
proposal assignment). Include at least one source for your theory/concept.
¨ Introduction and Conclusion paragraphs in the lit review section.
¨ Organization of sources by subtopic, themes, or chronology of scholarship on topic.
*
Scholarly is defined as peer-reviewed and published by academic journals or academic publishers. See lectures or
readings on peer-review definition.
Need help? Here are some options:
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See Professor Bui or Gabrielle by appointment or in our office hours.
Bring your draft and assignment instructions to the Writing Center on campus.
View the example full papers and their literature review sections on Blackboard.
Review the lectures on writing a research paper (Week 2).
Formatting guides
¨ Your completed assignment should now have the following sections:
o Introduction (includes intro, justification, research problem/question)
o Literature Review (includes minimum 10 scholarly sources and theoretical
framework)
o Method
o Works Cited
¨ Check your work with Grading Rubric.
¨ Follow the Format for Written Assignments in syllabus (pp. 8-9).
Format for Written Assignments
All written assignments must be typed, double-spaced, in 12-point font (Times, Helvetica, Calibri, or Cambria), with
1” margins, unless otherwise noted in assignment instructions. Upload BB assignments in MS Word (.doc or .docx).
Google Docs may be converted to Word. Identifying information (name, date, assignment) must be at the top of the
first page. Include page numbers if more than one page.
All papers should be in the APA formatting style, including references, in-text citations, and footnotes or appendices.
Any document submissions that are corrupt will be considered late (check your document by downloading your file).
It is highly recommended that you take screenshots of your successful uploads or completion of assignments. Be
sure to wait for the confirmation of submission screen once you upload your assignment. The Review Submission
History page appears with information about your submitted assignment and a success message with a confirmation
number. Copy and save this number as proof of your submission.
UIC Writing Center
I encourage you to take advantage of the Writing Center on campus for any stage of your writing draft.
You can come in with no writing at all to take the first steps or with a full draft for finalizing. Meeting with a
Writing Center tutor can help with writer’s block, help save time by working through how to revise or plan
the paper, and receive constructive feedback. Visit https://writingcenter.uic.edu/ for online appointments
or to view walk-in hours.
Topic Changes
Final Paper Project topics cannot be changed past the Literature Review due date. Any major topic
changes between the submitted Proposal and Literature Review due dates must have instructor
permission and a revised and resubmitted Research Paper Proposal.
Literature Review Grading Rubric
COMM 301 Prof. Bui
Name ____________________________________
Your Literature Review Assignment (6-10 pages total) should include:
o 2-4 pages of revised parts of proposal
• Revised Intro, Justification, Research Statement/Question, Proposed Method(s),
Theoretical Framework (Do NOT include goals and timeline). These sections will be the
start of your full paper draft.
o 4-6 pages of literature review section (already started with 2-3 pages from proposal,
add 3-5 pages more, and reorganize)
• Scholarly (peer-reviewed) research examination of your research topic
• Demonstration of linkage between researched material and your topic
• Minimum ten scholarly sources (incorporate the five sources from your proposal as part
of the ten sources)
o Works Cited Page(s)
_______
Format (15%):
• Proper citation (in-text and works cited page) using APA formatting style
• Proper format of literature review of a research paper
• Follows Format for Written Assignments (see syllabus)
_______
Structure (15%):
• uses effective and smooth transitions
• has well-constructed paragraphs with topic sentences
• Introduction and concluding/summary paragraphs for Lit Review section
______
Logic and argumentation (50%):
• all ideas in the paper flow logically
• the argument is identifiable, reasonable, and sound
• written in appropriate college-level, academic tone
• intro, research question/statement, and justification articulate a monster studies
research project
• proposes a theory or theoretical concept(s) to frame analysis with at least one citation
on it
• Logical flow of sources organized by subtopics, themes, or chronological scholarship.
Sources should not just be listed paragraph by paragraph without any connection to
each other or thesis/research question.
• literature review has strong connection and integration with research question/problem
• paper articulates relevancy of literature to research topic
• lit review sources are grouped in a way that is cohesive
• minimum 10 scholarly and peer-reviewed sources
_______
Mechanics (5%):
• clarity of sentence structure, grammar, punctuation, and minimal typos and spelling
errors
_______
Revised sections (15%):
• added rewrite of research proposal parts using feedback from TA and instructor
_______
TOTAL
NOTES: Deviation from the proposal research topic/question without proposal rewrite and permission will
not be accepted for credit. Missing and late policy applies to missing and late work.

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