Sung-Li is a university student in China. He met me in Beijing at the airport. He tried to tell me a lot of things, but I don’t speak a word of Chinese. He tried to speak in English, but it was very hard to understand each other. We had a good time anyway. We managed to have lunch, find the bathroom, and see some of the sights. We used a lot of gestures. Fortunately, we had some maps and a guide book written in English! In terms of what you studied in Chapters 1 & 2, describe some of the communication problems in the situation. How were they solved? please use the chapters to answer the question and use the vocabularies that are in the chapter’s Guide in your answer. thanks 6 attachments Slide 1 of 6 attachment_1 attachment_1 attachment_2 attachment_2 attachment_3 attachment_3 attachment_4 attachment_4 attachment_5 attachment_5 attachment_6 attachment_6 _____________________________________________ Write your Name and ID# on the lines above. ______________________________ Long Answer: Study the rubric below. It describes what your paragraph must have to get full marks. This format is also used on Major and Final Exams. This is an Open-Book activity. Use your book. 4-5 Marks Answer shows both accurate recall and ability to interpret and apply the concept(s) and vocabulary – evidenced by originality,examples and paraphrasing 2-3 Marks Answer shows accurate recall of information, but little or no interpretation is made -answer appears to be memorized or copied, vocabulary too general 1 Mark Answer shows partial recall or partial understanding – answer is incomplete or not focused on the right area – Shotgun approach may be seen 0 Marks Answer does not reflect understanding of the concept or the vocabulary needed to discuss the question Sung-Li is a university student in China. He met me in Beijing at the airport. He tried to tell me a lot of things, but I don’t speak a word of Chinese. He tried to speak in English, but it was very hard to understand each other. We had a good time anyway. We managed to have lunch, find the bathroom, and see some of the sights. We used a lot of gestures. Fortunately, we had some maps and a guide book written in English! In terms of what you studied in Chapters 1 & 2, describe some of the communication problems in the situation. How were they solved? Write your paragraph in the space below. COM 201 Chapter 1 Write Notes on this study guide. Learning Goals of Chapter 1: • • • • • • 1. 2. By the end of Chapter 1, students will be able to… discuss some reasons why the study of communication is so important to them give (personal) definition WHAT communication is name some COMPONENTS of communication explain some underlying PRINCIPLES of communication name and explain what the different CONTEXTS of communication are – and what the differences between them are Explain what communication COMPETENCE is Communication Components: 1 __________________________ 2 __________________________ 3 __________________________ 4 __________________________ 5 __________________________ 6 __________________________ Communication Principles: (General underlying ideas about communication) 1. Involves … 2. Has both ___________________ and ______________________ aspects 3. Complicated ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Quantity does not equal _________________________ 5. _________________________ 6. _________________________ 7. _________________________ 3. Communication Contexts 1. Intrapersonal Generate meaning within the SELF (all communication begins here) 2. Interpersonal (2 kinds) a. ___________________________ b. ___________________________ 3. Public __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Mass __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Computer Mediated can be similar to Mass and others, but includes e-mail, blog, chat rooms, social media… requiring internet(and computer) access. Technology is allowing mass media to be more like Public — by allowing the audience to interact with the source… Ex: a television audience tweeting questions during a broadcast… A Skype meeting can be similar to Interpersonal… Technology is softening the differences between some contexts. 6. Communication Competence (effective and accurate exchanging info through a shared system of symbols and/or behavior) = they understand and use the same ___________________ Problems: • S’s and R’s goals may not fit together – __________________________________________ • Different received signals – ____________________________________________________ • Different understandings of the relationship • Cultural differences (many variables) Ethical Communication (within the context of the Communications discipline) (p. 21) • – Ethics = set of moral principles and values People should be open, honest and reasonable Respect for other people and their messages is essential Need access to information and people Responsible behavior (on all sides) The Communication Process Channel message S_________________ Vocabulary • Asynchronous Communication • Channel • Code • Communication (definition) • Communication Competence • Context • Decoding • Dyadic Communication • Encoding • Ethics • Feedback • Interpersonal Communication • Intrapersonal Communication • Mass Communication • Meaning • Message • Noise • Nonverbal Codes • Process • Public Communication • Receiver • Situation • Small-group Communication • Source • Synchronous Communication • Verbal codes R _________________ Human Communication (COM 201) • • • • • Syllabus (read and sign receipt) Attendance Policy Textbook and Notebook requirements Quizzes, Majors and Grades LMS Let’s Begin Chapter ONE What is Communication? • It is a process (a set of activities) • Communication: • The process of using messages to generate meaning • (Meaning = understanding of the message) Why Study Communication? What do we get out of it? • 1. Improve the way we see ourselves — • we learn about ourselves through interactions with other people • 2. Improves the way other people see us — • we learn to control our behavior — to manage the image we give others • 3. Using effective communication behaviors can improve our relationships with others -continued• 4. The study of communication can teach you important life skills (critical thinking, problem solving, decisionmaking, team building, – and more) • 5. Studying communication can help you succeed professionally Companies want to hire (and promote) people who are good communicators and team-players -continuedStudying Communication can help you to ‘navigate an increasingly diverse world’ We have to interact more with people who are different from us — and there are many ways in which people differ… (language, culture, gender, age, race, education level, social level …) The Components (pieces) of Communication Peoplecommunication Messages are: Channels Feedback Codes Encoding/Decoding Noise Situation (Context) (see next slide) Definitions • People — Sender (S) and Receiver (R) • Message — the idea being sent • Channel — How the message moves –what it moves through… • Code — the system of words, symbols +… • Encoding / Decoding –process of changing ideas into codes — and then translating coded messages back into meaning -continued• Feedback — Reaction or response of receivers • Noise — Anything that disturbs the process of sending or receiving (not just sounds) • Situation — Who the people are, Where the people are, What their relationship is… -also called the CONTEXT Communication Principles • Communication begins with the SELF • Communication involves Others • Communication has both Content and Relational Aspects • Communication involves making choices • Quantity does not always equal Quality • Communication is Pervasive • Communication cannot be reversed Communication Contexts • • • • • 1. Intrapersonal Communication 2. Interpersonal Communication 3. Public Communication 4. Mass Communication 5. Digitally-Mediated Communication (DMC) -continued• Intrapersonal Communication is generating meaning within the mind (thinking, planning, deciding…) • Interpersonal Communication is between a sender and at least one receiver. There are two types: Dyadic (1-to-1) and Small-Group. • Public Communication — single speaker delivers message to many receivers and can receive direct feedback from this audience. It involves formality, structure and planning (presentations…) -continued• Mass Communication has similarities to Public • There is 1 source and many receivers, but they are isolated from each other. • The source uses MEDIATION (a transmission system) to reach the receivers • The receivers are unseen and the source gets no direct feedback -continued• Digitally Mediated Communication Any form of communication mediated through computers or other web-capable devices. • It is mobile • It can facilitate other types of communication (dyadic, small group, mass…) • Can be synchronous (in real-time) and/or asynchronous Goals of Communication Study 1. Understanding Communication Competence -the ability to effectively exchange meaning through a common (mutually-understood) system of symbols and/or behavior This is not easy because of the multiple variables but you will become more aware as you study. -Aware of yourself and aware of others- Goals of Communication Study 2. Understanding Ethical Communication Ethics: Moral principals — standards of ‘right’ behavior – (honesty, mutual respect, fairness…) Understanding this will guide your own behavior Understanding this will allow you to be aware — to recognize – when others violate these standards. COM 201 Ch. 2 (rev. 192) By the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • • • • • • • Describe what PERCEPTION is Explain some of the reasons why differences occur (happen) in perception Describe how SELECTION, ORGANIZATION, and INTERPRETATION occur during perception — and how these affect the way you see yourself and others in communication situations Describe the differences between FIGURE, GROUND, CLOSURE and similarity Identify ERRORS you might make when you perceive others — which might affect your communication with them Understand how your view of yourself influences your communication behavior Define IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT — which is how you present yourself to others in communication situations Perception: _____________________________________________________________________________________ Perception is Active _______________________________________ Perception is Subjective ___________________________________________________________ Physiological Factors your body (eyes, ears brain….) Past Experiences and Roles: (My mother was a KG teacher, and she STILL talks to me like that…) Perceptual constancy The way you see (perceive) received messages tends to stay the same — and this is difficult to change Role Your ‘position’ in social contexts: ex. son / brother / classmate / etc… Present Feelings and Circumstances (Are you having a ‘good day’? …or not?) How does it affect you? What occurs (happens) in Perception? Selection What you focus on and what you ignore (it’s a choice and we don’t usually realize when we do it) • • Selective perception Selective exposure • Selective attention • Selective retention You see what you want to see, hear what you want to hear, … You make choices to watch (or listen to) ‘X’ – Ex: a Democrat who never watches FOX News because of “its” political bias… (or “his” bias?) You focus on some things more and tend to ignore other things due to your personal interests… You remember what you want to remember and forget other things Organization Grouping information into meaningful units Figure and Ground: Figure The focal point of your attention Ex: (1 face in a crowd of people) Ground background Ex: (the faces of the other people in the crowd) Closure _________________________________________________________________ Proximity how close or far away things (or signals) are from each other is meaningful Similarity the mind groups things together if they resemble each other in shape, size, color… Interpretation What does “X” mean to us? — How we assign meaning to stimuli “X” The context is very important! ( + not the same for everyone! = it’s subjective ! ) Errors in Perception: (Many people –most? — don’t even realize that these are errors) – Stereotyping _________________________________________________________________ – Prejudice _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ – 1st Impressions (Based on …?) appearance — in as little as 3 seconds! – Hard to change How to avoid these errors: -Perceptual Checking (Process) 1/ describe 2/ suggest interpretation 3/ ask for verification (see p. 38) Who Are You? (and how did you become you?) (P. 39) Personal Identity can be changed — but not easily — If you practice long enough, a new behavior will become a habit … How do you Present Yourself? (What do other people see when they look at you?) (see p. 41) Identity Management _________________________________________________________________ If you don’t like how other people see you (their impression of you) how can you adjust or change this? (p. 43) Question: How do you change your behavior when you know someone is watching you? Symbolic Interactionism How we develop the ‘self’ based on feedback we receive from other people (and from intrapersonal ‘conversations’ in our thoughts) (This is how we get our sense of Self-Esteem or self-worth) Vocabulary: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Active Perception Closure Figure First Impression Ground Impression Management Perception Perception Checking Perceptual Constancy Personal Identity Proximity Role Selective Attention Selective Exposure Selective Perception Selective Retention Similarity Subjective Perception Symbolic Interactionism Chapter 2 Perception, Self and Communication • Distribute Study Guide • Notebook and textbook ? Defining Perception • Perception is: • The process of using our (5) senses to get information about the surrounding environment or situation. Perception is: • Active Our mind Selects Organizes and Interprets what it senses. • Subjective Our uniquely-constructed interpretation of what we sense Differences in Perception • Perception is an active, subjective, and creative process • Differences result from: • Physiological Factors • Past Experiences and Roles • Present Feelings and Circumstances Perceptual Process 1 • Selection 1. Selective Exposure 2. Selective Attention 3. Selective Perception 4. Selective Retention Selective• Exposure — We select to receive input from sources that agree with our point of view. • Attention — We choose to focus on some things and to ignore other things. • Perception — We see, hear and believe what we want to see, hear and believe. • Retention — We remember better the things that reinforce our beliefs, while selectively forgetting others. Perceptual Process 2 • Organization (grouping into meaningful units) • 1. Figure and Ground • 2. Closure • 3. Similarity • 4. Proximity Closure Figure and Ground Similarity – Proximity Errors in Perception • Stereotyping Making a generalization about a group of people which assumes all the members are alike or share a particular characteristic… Ex: Americans are loud and rude Scotsmen are stingy (= not generous) Japanese people are good at Math -Errors continued• Prejudice A judgment about an individual based on a stereotype of his (perceived) group Stereotyping and Prejudice usually lead to Discrimination = Unfair treatment of people (it is illegal in many countries, but still happens often) Example • Mr. Trump thinks that Mexicans are criminals. (= stereotype) • When Mr. Trump meets a Mexican, he judges the man is a criminal. (= prejudice) • A Mexican person may have more difficulty getting a visa to visit the U.S. — simply because of being Mexican. (= discrimination) Errors in Perception 2 • First Impressions • • • • • First Impressions are formed very quickly -in as little as 3 seconds Based mostly on appearance Difficult to change because we: Pay more attention to information which agrees with our impression and ignore information that disagrees (= Selection!) Same Man — but if you only knew him as a doctor, you would probably trust him. How about the other way around??? Your Identity • Personal Identity — what you know and believe about yourself • The personal identity you have developed influences your perceptions of others. • Personal Identity can be changed through training • Our self-perception develops both through our intrapersonal communication and through feedback from other people (= Symbolic Interactionism) How You Present Yourself • How do we choose to portray ourselves to others? • Impression Management — a decision to disclose certain details in order to present an idealized self (Ex: Your Facebook Profile — is it 100% accurate? Is everybody’s??) • How does our behavior change when we know people are watching? = We control it. Conclusion • You have learned: • Perception is the use of our senses to understand our environment and situation • People sense things differently for many reasons (= Perception is Subjective) • Through Selection, we neglect some stimuli and focus on others (it is our choice) -continued• Organization in perception is the grouping of stimuli into meaningful units • Some ways we organize stimuli are: figure and ground, closure, proximity and similarity • Perceptual errors that affect communication include stereotyping and reliance on first impressions (These affect our behavior) • The way you see yourself affects how and with whom you communicate — regardless of the medium (= online and in-person) -continued• Impression Management is the way you influence how other people perceive you • Usually as an idealized (better-than-real) version of yourself • END The Long Answer Format This is not “Essay Writing” but is designed to show your mastery of an idea from the course in a short, paragraph-length format You MUST use the vocabulary of this course to get the full mark. You should: 1st define, then describe — (with an example if asked). 5 Marks * Five + sentences * All on-target * Shows command of unit vocabulary * Detailed examples or explanations 4 Marks * Four + sentences * Mostly on-target * Uses some unit vocabulary * Some examples or explanations Sample Question: 3 Marks * Three + sentences * Some off-target * Little use of unit vocabulary * Inadequate examples or explanations 1-2 Marks 0 Marks * Two + sentences * Mostly off-target * Uses general vocabulary only * Missing examples or explanations * Does not address the question asked * Understanding is not shown * Vocabulary too limited to give answer * No Answer “Explain why perception is subjective.” There are two terms from Unit 2 in the question. You have to deal with both of them in your answer. You have to: define what “perception” is, AND what the word “subjective” means. Start with a definition: Perception is what we become aware of through our five senses. You don’t have to use the book’s definition. Your own definition is better. Perception is how we receive and then interpret the input from our 5 senses. It’s what we know through our senses… There are many ways to express the general idea. So, define first — then explain. The term “subjective” means that something is not the same for everybody. It is different for each person. Each person senses things differently. An answer for full marks would include 2-3 examples — in this case, causes – for perception being subjective. (People have different eyes, ears and brains. People have different life experiences, past and current roles, people’s current feelings might be different…) In other words, there are psychological and physiological reasons why perception is unique for each person. Now put it together in 5-6 sentences (not too long — keep it in focus – no useless sentences) Perception is what we know and understand through our 5 senses. Every person senses things in their own unique way. No two people are exactly the same. Everyone is different. Our ears, eyes and brains may not work the same. We have different experiences and different roles. All these things will make our interpretation subjective, or unique. For example, …………………… Add a personal experience here (in a couple of sentences)– This is very important with online assignments. Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: communication techniques different cultures perception and communication cultures and races User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.