Mid-Term Exam Study Guide Chapter 1 — An Introduction to Communication (you may submit up to 2 questions from this area) Communication principles -Intentional vs. unintentional/Can’t not communicate/irreversible/unrepeatable -Shared understanding & clarity are the most important goals in achieving effective communication. -Necessary for Survival Misconceptions -meanings not in words/more not always better/No one or no event causes another’s reaction/communication can not solve all problems -Types of Communication -Intrapersonal -Interpersonal (dyad) -small group -Public (speaking to a room full of people) -Mass -Impersonal -Meta-communication — Communicating about communication Interpersonal Communication quantitative definition ‘any interaction between 2 people, usually face to face’ — Dyadic communication (dyad = 2 people) Interpersonal Communication qualitative definition ‘occurs when people treat one another as unique individuals, regardless of the context in which the involved.’ interaction occurs or the number of people Communication competence can be learned. We communicate because: Maslow’s model (hierarchy of needs) -physical -safety -social -self-esteem needs -self-actualization -Models (model is like a snapshot — 1 comm. Event) Simple (Linear) -Linear Sender ? message ? receiver Channel(s)/noise -A sender (person creating message) encodes (puts thoughts into symbols, usually words) a message (info being transmitted), sending it through a channel (the medium through which the message passes) to a receiver (the person attending to the message) who decodes (makes sense of the message), while contending with noise (distractions that disrupt transmission). Transactional view -communicators often occupy different environments (fields of experience that affect how they understand other’s behavior) (In comm. environment not only physical location but also personal experiences & cultural background.) •Communication Channels Retain Importance •Noise Continues to Be Important •Communication is With Others, Not To Them •Relational Communication is Unique •Communicator Replaces Sender •We Send and Receive Messages Simultaneously •Communicators Often Occupy Different Environments Communication Guidelines (axioms — statements we hold as true) -Effective comm. takes work -Communication is not good or bad -Comm. Takes time -Comm. Is dynamic — ever changing -Comm. Is essential (king study language = dead babies) -Mutual process (but the only one in control of you is you) -BOTH must be willing to participate -Can be learned 1 Chapter 5 — Self-Concept & Self-Esteem (you may submit up to 2 questions from this area) -Importance of Self in Communication -lack of social relationships can affect physical health & life span Self-Concept is: -Relatively Stable Set of Self-Perceptions -Not All Aspects Equally Important -Difference between Self-esteem (feel) & Self-Concept (see) -Self-concept -perceived self -presenting self -reflected appraisal I see me as I think you see me -Most researchers believe we are born with some personality traits -Social Comparison – judge self against others/Social norms -Influences on Identity -Sex and Gender -Ethnicity -Culture (how raised/values/beliefs/lifestyle) •Individualistic •Collectivistic -Impression management -can lead to dishonest behavior -self-fulfilling prophecy -A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a person’s expectations of an event make the event more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true. -self-imposed -other imposed -Impressions not always intentional -Significant Others — anyone whose opinion we value (text says other than parents but most researchers agree can be ANYONE who is significant to you) -Self-Concept is subjective -Self-Concept Can Be Distorted -Obsolete Information -Distorted Feedback -Social Expectations -Can change but RESISTS change -Improving your self-concept -Make change a priority -Have Realistic Expectations -Have Realistic Perceptions -Develop necessary skills -Have the Will to Change -Have the Skill to Change -‘can’t cook = lousy wife’ -learn how -Stick to decision to change -Don’t give up Communication Competence (not in text) (you may submit up to 2 questions from this area) Communication Competence = consistently communicating in ways that meet 3 criteria: -appropriateness, effectiveness, and ethics (Spitzberg & Cupach, 1984; Wiemann, 1977). as cited in (McCornack, S. (2007). Reflect & Relate – an introduction to interpersonal communication (p. 154). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.) Types of messages: Expressive -only one purpose/Convey what you think/feel Conventional – emphasize achievement of instrumental/practical goals (effectiveness)/social roles/obligations cited wielding power Rhetorical – attempt to answer question – ‘How can I best talk about this situation so the problems we’re facing are solved?’ 2 Rhetorical messages characteristics 1. Address a situation’s problems in neutral/nonjudgmental ways 2. Express empathy 3. Offer specific workable solutions 4. Opens door to negotiation ‘People who craft rhetorical messages treat others as unique human beings whose feelings, attitudes and goals deserve acceptance and respect.’ (Reflect & Relate, pg 163) Becoming a Competent Communicator -develop a competence communication plan (mental map) that describes how the communication event will happen BEFORE entering the actual event Plan should have 2 elements 1st – action plan -‘moves’ you think you will encounter that cause anxiety -include Topics: What you will say & Physical behaviors you will use 2nd — plan contingencies -think about what the other will likely talk about How will you respond? What are the other’s possible reactions? Plan your actions. Try to anticipate what the other will say/do/respond & what you will say/do/respond. Goal -interact with enough confidence & certainty to reduce anxiety Ultimately being a competent communicator will help ensure good quality relationships — but it requires work & practice particularly in those situations we feel incompetent or allow negative feelings/reactions to interfere. Chapter 2 –Verbal Communication (you may submit up to 2 questions from this area) Verbal Communication -use of language/words Language is symbolic -words only mean something because speakers agree on a meaning Characteristics of Language -language is conscious/singular process (words begin/end)/arbitrary/denotative/connotative Gender Low-Context Culture -info carried in explicit verbal messages with less focus on situational context -self-expression valued. -Communicators state opinions and desires directly and strive to persuade others to accept their own POV -clear eloquent speech considered praiseworthy. Verbal fluency admired High-Context Culture -important info carried in contextual cues (time, place, relationship) less reliance on explicit verbal messages -relational harmony valued & maintained by indirect expression of opinions. -communicators abstain from saying ‘no’ directly -communicators talk ‘around’ the point, allowing the other to fill in the missing pieces. -ambiguity and use of silence admired Semantic Rules: reflect the ways we make language make sense -Equivocal Language can have more than one accepted definition -Jargon — industry/group specific -Relative language — comparison — what is big to some may actually be small to others -Static language — statements that imply that people are constant -Inflated language – bigger & better than really is -Euphemisms -Anticipate before you speak (abstract vs. behavioral) -Abstraction — language can be confusing because it doesn’t always mean the same to everyone -Ask for clarification to ensure understanding Syntactic Rules -govern grammar & indicate meaning Suggestions for Effective Verbal Communication -use specific, descriptive & precise words -Reduce confusion & ambiguity -Fact/Opinion -Fact/Inference -Emotive language (announces speaker’s attitude) 3 The language of responsibility ‘I’ & ‘You’ language -‘You’ is blaming -‘I’ statements provide more accurate less provocative way to express complaints -Improving language use: -Complete ‘I’ statements have 4 elements. They describe: Other’s behavior Your interpretations Your feelings The consequences of other’s behavior on you For example: ‘I get embarrassed (feeling) when you talk about my grades in front of other people (behavior) I’m afraid they’ll think I’m stupid (interpretation) that’s why I got worked up last night.’ -Advantages of ‘I’ language -defense reduction (other less defensive) -honesty -completeness (more info) less ambiguity Chapter 3 — Nonverbal (you may submit up to 2 questions from this area) -Nonverbal is EVERYTHING except words/language – Non verbal Communication influenced by Culture & Gender -Difference between Verbal & One channel Intermittent Clear Deliberate Non-verbal Multiple Channels Continuous Ambiguous (can be troublesome) Unconscious -Types of Non-verbal Communication (differs slightly from text) Body Orientation Posture Gestures Face & Eyes Touch Physical Attractiveness Clothing Proxemics = Distance (intimate skin >18’/Personal 18′ >4’/Social 4’>15’/Public 15’+) Territoriality Physical Environment Time (how do we handle time?) Paralanguage (‘How’ said) Nonverbals serve many functions/Uses of non-verbal) (text only says 3) Repeating (pointing in directions) Substituting (shrug shoulders=emblems) Accenting (accenting words ‘it was your idea!’) Regulating (intonation/pause –indicating other’s turn ) Complimenting/illustrators (signal attitude — complement verbal=point) Contradicting (shake head — say ‘yes’) Deceiving (leakage — inconsistencies, etc) -Suggestions for Effective nonverbal -be aware/don’t assume/get verbal confirmation Chapter 4 — Listening (you may submit up to 2 questions from this area) Listening is very important -approximately 3/4 of each day is spent listening (average person more for students) -Know the difference between hearing & listening 4 -Elements in the listening process -Hearing — physiological -Attending — psychological -Understanding — make sense of message -Responding –observable feedback (listening is NOT passive) -nonverbals – eye contact – facial expressions -verbals -questions -exchange ideas -Remembering Some problems with not listening effectively -decreased mental abilities (not listening –can’t learn)/misunderstandings/Interpersonal conflict/lack of sufficient self-disclosure/gender Listening -historically -women — ’emotional’ listeners -men — ‘rational’ listeners -Speaking traits are stereotypically masculine -Listening traits are stereotypically feminine -Reasons for interrupting (stereotypically) men — own POV women — offer encouragement/support -Why don’t we listen better? -Bad habits -Concentrate on what we are going to say -Assumptions & biases -Fear of cognitive dissonance (possessing data contrary to what we know and/or do) -No training -Message overload -Preoccupation -Rapid thought (hear approx. 600 words/min. -speak approx. 100 –150 words/min.) -Effort (belief that listening is passive) -External noise -Hearing problems -Media influences Benefits of better listening: increased knowledge/increased maturity/more success/improved relationships/self-protection Listening styles -Deliberate -Empathic -Active or participatory -Effective listening -talk less/get rid of distractions/don’t judge prematurely/look for key ideas/ask sincere questions/Paraphrase -Paraphrase -rephrase in your own words to indicate understanding/example you think speaker talking about/reflect underlying theme of speaker’s remarks -Use paraphrasing when -problem is complex enough/necessary time/concern/genuinely want to help/you can withhold judgment -Listening to help -Ask yourself (can you say yes to all?) 1. Does a problem truly exist? 2. Do you have time to listen effectively? 3. Do you really care and want to help? 4. Can you focus on the other person and withhold judgment and comments? Remember to: Assure the other that you care Make sure your responses do not infer that the problem will take care of itself Make sure the other knows you can’t solve the problem -Supporting types of listening to help -Agreement/offer to help/praise/reassurance/diversion -Supporting -potential problems -deny other’s right to feelings/minimize significance/focus = then/there not here/now -Supporting Guidelines -approval not necessary/monitor reaction/support may not be welcome (self-monitor) -Analyzing/Interpreting -be tentative/have a chance of being right/make sure other is receptive/reasons for your analysis/want to be helpful/opinion not fact -Advising -be accurate — make sure correct/make sure other is ready (willing to accept)/advice is best if other won’t blame you/deliver supportively in face-saving manner -Judging -works best and is most appropriate when asked/intent is genuinely constructive -Prompting -silences/brief statement of encouragement to draw other out 5 -Choose best listening response based on -gender/situation/other/personal style Public Speaking — (you may submit up to 2 questions from this area) Dealing with Anxiety or Stage Fright The best way to overcome any fear is to face it. With this in mind, the best way to deal with the anxiety you experience when you consider speaking in public is to get up and speak! Other suggestions: -self-talk -gain control of butterflies don’t let them control you -know your topic -Prepare -Practice -Avoid chemicals! Experiment and find what works best for you. What works for one person may not work for another. Methods of Delivery Manuscript Memory Impromptu Extemporaneous The most effective speeches are generally delivered extemporaneously. Audience Analysis The audience is the reason for your presentation. They should be considered throughout the process. Audience Analysis is: ‘The process of discovering useful information about … listeners so as to tailor a speech to them.’ (DeVito, J., The Essential Elements of Public Speaking 2nd ed., Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc., 2006, pg 73.) Presentation Aids Presentation Aids are the visual or auditory extras that help make your presentation understandable and memorable. For the purposes of this class do NOT use text on slides. Do not pass aids around the room as this is a distraction. General Purposes Serve Some Special Occasion Inform Persuade Persuasive Speeches ‘The process of influencing another person’s attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behaviors.’ (DeVito, J., The Essential Elements of Public Speaking 2nd ed., Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc., 2006, pg 239.) Selective exposure = 1. listeners actively seek out information that supports their opinions, beliefs, values, decisions & behaviors 2. listeners actively avoid information that contradicts their existing opinions, beliefs, values, decisions & behaviors Appeals: Ethos — Ethics/Credibility Pathos — Emotional Appeals Logos — Logical Appeals Informative Speeches Types Description Definition Demonstration Special Occasion Introduce Present or accept an award Secure good will or apologize Dedicate something Congratulations (commencement speech) Eulogy Bid farewell Toast Ethnocentrism The tendency to evaluate the values, beliefs, & behaviors of your own culture as being more positive, logical & natural than those of other cultures. (DeVito, J., The Essential Elements of Public Speaking 2nd ed., Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc., 2006, pg 239.) 6 The design and environment of rooms a. communicate information about the owner’s personality b. shape the interaction that takes place there c. communicate information about the room’s owner d. b and c only e. all of the above Flag question: Question 12 In a low-context language culture, you will notice a. indirect expression of opinions b. use of silence is admired c. less reliance on explicit verbal messages d. self-expression is valued e. ambiguity is admired Flag question: Question 13 Equivocal words a. have more than one commonly accepted definition b. are low-level abstractions c. mean the same to all people and are redundant d. have meanings one person can guess at but another can’t e. have no known nonverbal signals to accompany them Flag question: Question 14 If I say ‘here the drink bring,’ I have violated a(n) ______________ rule of our language a. initial b. syntactic c. median d. semantic e. final Flag question: Question 15 Proxemics is the study of a. the way people use space b. the way people use words to transmit messages c. the way people use silence d. the way people use vocal cues e. the way people dance Flag question: Question 16 When our nonverbal behavior is unintentional, a. others disregard it b. others attach more significance to it c. others respond to their own unintentional behaviors d. others recognize and make interpretations based on it e. others laugh at us Flag question: Question 17 Your friend insists that she is interested in what you are saying, but she keeps looking out the window while you speak. She is most probably a. telling a lie b. bored with the conversation c. noticing something outside the window d. daydreaming e. any of the above are equally possible Flag question: Question 18 Nonverbal communication serves the functions of a. repeating and substituting b. complementing and accenting c. regulating and contradicting d. all of the above e. none of the above Flag question: Question 19 All of the following are ineffective listening styles except a. ambushing b. insulated listening c. stage hogging d. psuedolistening e. active listening Flag question: Question 20 When choosing the best listening style, it is important to consider a. the situation b. the other person c. yourself d. both a and b e. a, b, and c Flag question: Question 21 All of the following statements are true except: a. The eyes can communicate positive and negative attitudes. b. Nonverbal messages of the face and eyes are the easiest to read. c. Even the pupils of the eyes can communicate messages. d. The eyes can indicate dominance and submission. e. The eyes send involvement messages. Flag question: Question 22 Rhetorical messages are considered to be competent because they are a. Appropriate b. Effective c. Ethical d. A successful blend of the ingredients for competence e. All of the above Flag question: Question 23 Your mother expresses her concern that your current romantic interest doesn’t treat you respectfully and you respond, ‘I am so tired of hearing your opinion of my love life! Why can’t you mind your own business?’ What kind of message are you conveying? a. Appropriate message b. Conventional message c. Rhetorical message d. Expressive message e. None of the above Flag question: Question 24 Ethics are a. Based on moral codes b. About avoiding intentionally hurting others c. About treating others with respect d. About treating others as valuable, worthy individuals e. All of the above Flag question: Question 25 Melinda is so concerned about the thoughts and feelings of others that her own needs are rarely met and she is often seen as a doormat. What component of communication competence is she lacking? a. Appropriateness b. Effectiveness c. Ethics d. Behavioral flexibility e. Common sense Flag question: Question 26 When trying to change one’s self-concept, it is important to remember all of the following except that a. One should set realistic goals b. One should have a real desire to change c. One should expect rapid change d. One should possess the skills to change e. All of the above should be remembered Flag question: Question 27 Josh is very assertive and goal-oriented; however, he often forgets to consider the people he interacts with, who sometimes feel hurt or offended by his communication. What component of interpersonal communication competence is he lacking? a. Appropriateness b. Effectiveness c. Ethics d. Behavioral flexibility e. Common sense Flag question: Question 28 ‘One cannot not communicate’ means a. Communication can be unintentional b. People can read into or give meaning to anything you say c. People can attach meaning to anything you do or don’t do d. All of the above e. None of the above Flag question: Question 29 Meta-communication is a. Communication with self b. Communication with others c. Impersonal communication d. Communication about communication e. None of the above Flag question: Question 30 How many major general purposes of presentations are there? a. 1 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2 e. 5 Flag question: Question 31 When preparing for a presentation to help calm your nerves you should a. Make a stiff drink b. Make your friend do it c. Practice d. Take an ‘F’ e. Hide Flag question: Question 32 What is Audience Analysis? a. A systematic approach to gathering as much information as possible about the audience b. When your group wants to educate and inform c. When an audience tells you their opinion d. How the audience know who is talking e. None of the above Flag question: Question 33 Many of the skills used in public speaking are the same as those used in everyday conversation. These skills include: a. Organizing your thoughts logically. b. Tailoring your message to your audience. c. Adapting to listener feedback. d. All of the above. e. B and C only. Flag question: Question 34 Beware of Thesis Statements that contain the word a. Persuade. b. Inform. c. And. d. If. e. To. Flag question: Question 35 Audience analysis is an important factor in which of the following? a. Selecting a topic b. Organizing the speech c. Choosing supporting materials d. All of the above e. A and C only Flag question: Question 36 Reflected appraisal is a. The private self you honestly believe you are. b. A prediction that affects behavior. c. A person whose opinion we especially value. d. Process of judging ourselves by the evaluations of others. e. The ‘face’ you show to others. Flag question: Question 37 A Significant Other is a. The private self you honestly believe you are. b. A prediction that affects behavior. c. A person whose opinion we especially value. d. Process of judging ourselves by the evaluations of others. e. The ‘face’ you show to others. Flag question: Question 38 A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy is a. The private self you honestly believe you are. b. A prediction that affects behavior. c. A person whose opinion we especially value. d. Process of judging ourselves by the evaluations of others. e. The ‘face’ you show to others. Flag question: Question 39 The Presenting Self is The private self you honestly believe you are. A prediction that affects behavior. A person whose opinion we especially value. Process of judging ourselves by the evaluations of others. The ‘face’ you show to others. Flag question: Question 40 Cipher in the Snow is a story about the life and death of a young boy. True False Flag question: Question 41 The Deaf can listen. True False Flag question: Question 42 Syntactic rules govern language. True False Flag question: Question 43 The U.S. is a high-context language culture. True False Flag question: Question 44 Semantic rules are more powerful than an individual’s personal meaning for words. True False Flag question: Question 45 ‘No’ is so clear and short that is one of the few words that is never misinterpreted. True False Flag question: Question 46 Impression Management can lead to dishonest behavior. True False Flag question: Question 47 We can talk much faster than we can listen/think. True False Flag question: Question 48 A High Self-Monitor thinks only about him or herself not about the appropriateness of a situation. True False Flag question: Question 49 In the short film Johnny Lingo, Mahonna began as a very self-assured, happy girl only to become an old maid because Johnny Lingo told her she was ugly. True False Flag question: Question 50 The Perceived Self is a. The private self you honestly believe you are. b. A prediction that affects behavior. c. A person whose opinion we especially value. d. Process of judging ourselves by the evaluations of others. e. The ‘face’ you show to others. Flag question: Question 51 The Qualitative Definition of Interpersonal Communication is Communication works best in numbers The number of people doesn’t matter only that they are communicating A unique interaction Any interaction between 2 people, usually face to face When people treat one another as unique individuals, regardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved. Flag question: Question 52 The Quantitative Definition of Interpersonal Communication is Communication works best in numbers The number of people doesn’t matter only that they are communicating A unique interaction Any interaction between 2 people, usually face to face When people treat one another as unique individuals, regardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved. Flag question: Question 53 Communication is Convenient, but not necessary Is essential to our survival Is just an amusing way to pass the day None of the above All of the above Question54 Can communication competence be learned? Question 55 For purposes of this class, Interpersonal Communication is defined as ‘Any interaction between two people who treat one another as unique individuals’. Group of answer choices True False S Dashboard ? S SOLUTION:COMM midterm – Cc X Quiz: 5.1 Midterm Exam (GRADE X + c : *** https://gcccd.instructure.com/courses/37430/quizzes/215101/take Quiz Instructions G Syllabus Modules Some questions may appear to have more than one correct answer. Choose the MOST CORRECT answer for each question. Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Grades Account People Question 1 2 pts ConferZoom Dashboard Time Running: Hide Attempt due: Mar 27 at 11:59pm 1 Hour, 27 Minutes, 25 Seconds Tutoring The three types of noise that can block communication are Student Support Hub Courses O a. loud, moderate, and soft 28 Groups O b. mass communicational, personal, and transactional O c. physical, psychological, and physiological 888 Calendar O d. sociological, psychological, and communicational @of oi ol 01 of O e. linear, interactional, and transactional Inbox History Question 2 2 pts Studio Messages are Help O a. vastly overrated as a communication tool b. both verbal and nonverbal O c. not present in interpersonal communication O d.only possible when communicators speak the same language O e. all of the above u Question 3 2 pts irr III IH O ????????? O e J’ 0 B W o ? » AO 10:28 2021/03/25 S Dashboard ? S SOLUTION: COMM midterm – Cc X Quiz: 5.1 Midterm Exam (GRADE X + c () https://gcccd.instructure.com/courses/37430/quizzes/215101/take : *** G O d. only possible when communicators speak the same language O e. all of the above Account Question 3 2 pts Dashboard Self-fulfilling prophecies are Courses 28 Groups a. negative predictions of our behavior imposed by others O b. negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by ourselves Ole o aloj el of 888 Calendar O C. positive or negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by others and/or ourselves O d. negative predictions, imposed by ourselves and/or others Inbox e. positive predictions, imposed by ourselves and/or others History Studio Question 4 2 pts Help The definition of a “significant other” includes O a. a powerful adult O b. a person whose opinion you value O c. a totally supportive person O d. an extremely negative influence O e. all of the above Question 5 2 pts IH O ????????? O B W o ? » AO 10:29 2021/03/25 S Dashboard ? S SOLUTION: COMM midterm – Cc X Quiz: 5.1 Midterm Exam (GRADE X + c () https://gcccd.instructure.com/courses/37430/quizzes/215101/take : : G O c. a totally supportive person O d. an extremely negative influence O e. all of the above Account Dashboard Question 5 2 pts Courses The process judging ourselves by how we think others evaluate or judge us is called 28 Groups O a. the “sell-out” self 888 Calendar O b. self-matching O c. reflected appraisal Inbox d. totality viewing O e. the feedback self History Studio n Question 6 2 pts Help The self-concept O a. causes all of our communication behavior O b. prevents low self-esteem O c. is partially shaped by significant others from our past O d. is the way significant others will view us in the future e. is how other people think you should see yourself n 2 pts Question 7 ORA IH O ????????? e W o ? » AO 10:29 2021/03/25 S Dashboard ? S SOLUTION: COMM midterm – Cc X Quiz: 5.1 Midterm Exam (GRADE X + c () @ https://gcccd.instructure.com/courses/37430/quizzes/215101/take : : G Question 7 2 pts Account Words that can be understood in more than one way are called I Dashboard a. Emotive language O b. Relative words Courses c. Equivocal words 28 Groups O d. Fiction terms O e. Semantic distracters 888 Calendar Inbox Question 8 2 pts History Which of the following behaviors should you avoid when using visual aids as part of an oral presentation? Studio O a. Explain the visual aid to the listeners. Help O b. Give listeners enough time to look at the visual aid. O c. Face the visual aid, not your listeners, when speaking. O d. Be prepared to give your presentation without your visual aids. O e. You should do all of the above when using visual aids U Question 9 2 pts Psychologist Abraham Maslow suggests that the most basic human needs IH O ????????? O W o ? » AO 10:30 2021/03/25 S Dashboard ? S SOLUTION: COMM midterm – Cc X Quiz: 5.1 Midterm Exam (GRADE X + c () https://gcccd.instructure.com/courses/37430/quizzes/215101/take : : G O e. You should do all of the above when using visual aids Account D Question 9 2 pts Dashboard Psychologist Abraham Maslow suggests that the most basic human needs Courses a. are invented by other psychologists O b. must be satisfied before we can concern ourselves with other ones 28 Groups c. are proof that animals ascended from lower animal forms Ole o aloj el of 888 Calendar O d. prove the existence of a superior being e. are generated by others in interpersonal interaction Inbox History Question 10 2 pts Studio A self-fulfilling prophecy is Help a. an accurate prediction about another’s behavior, based on background knowledge O b. a prediction about one’s own behavior based on past experience c. a prediction which affects the outcome of one’s own behavior or another’s behavior O d. a mistaken prediction which fails to occur O e. none of the above Question 11 2 pts The design and environment of rooms IH O ????????? O W o ? » AO 10:30 2021/03/25 Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: Communication Principles Important Goals achieving effective qualitative definition User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.