The data file is attached below Once you have selected the data set, decide on a point you want to make using that data. Then submit the following: A brief description of your data set A description of the point you want to make using the data A discussion of how you will tailor your report to your audience (your classmates) while maintaining a professional tone/appearance After submitting this information, you can begin to design your three visuals. INSTRUCTIONS Look on the internet to find a data visualization to analyze that you find interesting. The visual should represent quantitative (numerical/statistical) data. The visual can be one you think is good or one you think has problems. Once you’ve found one you’d like to work with, analyze the visual by answering the following questions: What type of visual is it? Is the visual appropriate for the type of data? Why do you think so? What is the purpose of the visual and who is the audience? How do you know? What specific elements of the visual led you to your conclusion? Is the color use effective? Distracting? Does the color use make the visual more or less effective? Why? Does the design of the visual contribute to or detract from the clarity and accuracy of the visual? What specific elements support your conclusion? for the data visualization part please select something related to Computer science Final Topline January 2019 Core Trends Survey 3/8/2019 Abt Associates for Pew Research Center Sample: n=1,502 U.S. adults age 18 or older nationwide, including 1,200 cell phone interviews Interviewing dates: January 8, 2019 — February 7, 2019 Margin of error: ± 2.85 percentage points for results based on Total [n=1,502] EMINUSE INTMOB Do you use the internet or email, at least occasionally? Do you access the internet on a cell phone, tablet or other mobile handheld device, at least occasionally?1 Current January 2018 November 2016 May 2016 April 2016 November 2015 July 2015 April 2015 September 2013 August 2013 May 2013 December 2012 November 2012 September 2012 August 2012 April 2012 February 2012 December 2011 August 2011 May 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 September 2010 May 2010 January 2010 December 2009 September 2009 April 2009 1 USES INTERNET DOES NOT USE INTERNET 90 89 90 87 87 87 87 85 86 80 85 81 85 81 85 82 80 82 78 78 79 77 74 74 79 75 74 77 79 10 11 10 13 13 13 13 15 14 20 15 19 15 19 15 18 20 18 22 22 21 23 26 26 21 25 26 23 21 The definition of an internet user varies from survey to survey. Prior to January 2005, internet users were defined as those who said yes to ‘Do you ever go online to access the Internet or World Wide Web or to send and receive email?’ From January 2005 thru February 2012, an internet user is someone said yes to either ‘Do you use the internet, at least occasionally?’ (INTUSE) OR ‘Do you send or receive email, at least occasionally?’ (EMLOCC). From April 2012 thru December 2012, an internet user is someone said yes to any of three questions: INTUSE, EMLOCC or ‘Do you access the internet on a cell phone, tablet or other mobile handheld device, at least occasionally?’ (INTMOB). In May 2013, half the sample was asked INTUSE/EMLOCC/INTMOB and half was asked EMINUSE/INTMOB. Those May 2013 trend results are for both forms combined. 1 EMINUSE/INTMOB continued… December 2008 November 2008 August 2008 July 2008 May 2008 April 2008 January 2008 December 2007 September 2007 February 2007 December 2006 November 2006 August 2006 April 2006 February 2006 December 2005 September 2005 June 2005 February 2005 January 2005 Nov 23-30, 2004 November 2004 July 2004 June 2004 March 2004 February 2004 November 2003 August 2003 June 2003 May 2003 March 3-11, 2003 February 2003 December 2002 November 2002 October 2002 September 2002 July 2002 March/May 2002 January 2002 USES INTERNET DOES NOT USE INTERNET 74 74 75 77 73 73 70 75 73 71 70 68 70 73 73 66 72 68 67 66 59 61 67 63 69 63 64 63 62 63 62 64 57 61 59 61 59 58 61 26 26 25 23 27 27 30 25 27 29 30 32 30 27 27 34 28 32 33 34 41 39 33 37 31 37 36 37 38 37 38 36 43 39 41 39 41 42 39 2 EMINUSE/INTMOB continued… USES INTERNET DOES NOT USE INTERNET 58 58 56 55 59 53 59 53 52 50 49 47 48 42 42 44 45 41 47 41 47 48 50 51 53 52 December 2001 November 2001 October 2001 September 2001 August 2001 February 2001 December 2000 November 2000 October 2000 September 2000 August 2000 June 2000 May 2000 INTFREQ About how often do you use the internet? Based on internet users [N=1,372] CURRENT % 31 49 10 5 4 * * SNSINT2 Do Almost constantly Several times a day About once a day Several times a week, OR Less often? (VOL.) Don’t know (VOL.) Refused MAY 2016 APRIL 2016 JULY 2015 30 49 9 7 6 * * 25 50 11 7 6 * * 28 49 10 7 6 * * 24 49 11 7 8 * 1 you ever use social media sites like Facebook, Twitter or Instagram? CURRENT % JANUARY 2018 72 28 * 0 Yes No (VOL.) Don’t know (VOL.) Refused 3 Trend based on internet users2 [N=1,372] Current January 2018 November 2016 May 2016 November 2015 July 2015 September 2013 May 2013 December 2012 August 2012 February 2012 August 2011 May 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 September 2010 May 2010 January 2010 December 2009 September 2009 April 2009 December 2008 November 2008 August 2008 July 2008 May 2008 August 2006 September 2005 February 2005 2 YES NO (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED 78 77 77 74 74 76 74 72 67 69 66 64 65 61 62 61 62 61 57 56 47 46 35 37 33 34 29 16 11 8 22 23 23 26 26 23 26 28 33 31 34 35 35 39 38 39 38 39 43 44 52 54 65 63 67 66 70 84 88 91 0 * * 0 * * * 0 * 0 * * * 0 * * * 0 * 0 * * * 0 * * * * 1 1 0 0 * * * 0 0 * * * 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 * * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 November 2016 question wording was ‘Do you ever use social media sites like Facebook, Twitter or LinkedIn?’ May 2016 question wording was “Do you ever use a social media site or app like Facebook, Twitter or LinkedIn?” November 2015 question wording was “Do you ever use a social networking site like Facebook, Twitter or LinkedIn?” July 2015 trends and earlier were asked as an item within a list question. Wording may vary from survey to survey and question may be asked of all internet users or form split. From 2012 to 2013, item wording was ‘Use a social networking site like Facebook, LinkedIn or Google Plus.’ From April 2009 thru August 2011, item wording was ‘Use a social networking site like MySpace, Facebook or LinkedIn.’ In December 2008, item wording was ‘Use a social networking site like MySpace or Facebook.’ In August 2006, item wording was ‘Use an online social networking site like MySpace, Facebook or Friendster.’ Prior to August 2006, item wording was ‘Use online social or professional networking sites like Friendster or LinkedIn.’ 4 HOME4NW Do you currently subscribe to internet service at HOME? CURRENT % 78 22 * Yes No (VOL.) Don’t know (VOL.) Refused 0 Trend based on internet users [N=1,372] Current January 2018 July 2015 BBHOME1 Do BBHOME2 YES NO (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED 84 80 84 16 20 16 * * * 0 0 0 you subscribe to dial-up internet service at home… OR do you subscribe to a higher-speed broadband service such as DSL, cable, or fiber optic service? [ASK IF BBHOME1=DIAL-UP:] Just to confirm, you use a dial-up connection to the internet at home, and not a higher-speed broadband connection? Based on home internet subscribers [N=1,210] Current January 2018 July 2015 DIAL-UP HIGHER SPEED (VOL.) BOTH DIAL-UP AND HIGH ER SPEED (VOL.) ACCESS NET ON CELL OR TABLET ONLY (VOL.) NO HOME NET ACCESS (VOL.) DK (VOL.) REF. 2 3 3 92 90 91 3 2 1 * * * * * 1 2 5 4 * * * SUMMARY OF HOME BROADBAND Based on home internet subscribers CURRENT % 94 6 JANUARY 2018 Home broadband users No home broadband/DK 91 9 JULY 2015 92 8 Based on Total CURRENT % 73 27 JANUARY 2018 Home broadband users No home broadband/DK 65 35 5 JULY 2015 67 33 DEVICE1a Next, do you have a cell phone, or not?3 Current January 2018 November 2016 May 2016 April 2016 November 2015 July 2015 April 2015 Sept 2013 August 2013 May 2013 December 2012 November 2012 Sept 2012 August 2012 April 2012 February 2012 December 2011 August 2011 May 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 September 2010 May 2010 January 2010 December 2009 September 2009 April 2009 Dec 2008 July 2008 May 2008 April 2008 January 2008 Dec 2007 Sept 2007 April 2006 January 2005 3 YES NO (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED 96 95 95 92 92 91 92 92 91 89 91 87 85 85 89 88 88 87 84 83 84 81 82 85 82 80 83 84 85 84 82 78 78 77 75 78 73 66 4 5 5 8 8 9 8 8 9 11 9 13 15 15 10 12 12 13 15 17 16 19 18 15 18 20 17 15 15 16 18 22 22 22 25 22 27 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * 0 0 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 0 * * * * 0 * * 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 * 0 * 0 * * * * * 0 * * * * 0 * * * * * -0 ——- Question was asked of landline sample only. Results shown here have been recalculated to include cell phone sample in the “Yes” percentage. Beginning September 2007, question/item was not asked of the cell phone sample, but trend results shown here reflect Total combined landline and cell phone sample. In past polls, question was sometimes asked as an independent question and sometimes as an item in a series. Wording may vary from survey to survey. Wording variations include: ‘Do you have a cell phone or a Blackberry or iPhone or other device that is also a cell phone?’; ‘Do you have…a cell phone or a Blackberry or iPhone or other handheld device that is also a cell phone?’; Do you have a cell phone, or a Blackberry or other device that is also a cell phone?”; “Do you happen to have a cell phone?”; “Do you have a cell phone?” 6 SMART2 Is your cell phone a smartphone, or not? Based on cell phone owners [N=1,465] Current [N=1,465] January 2018 [N = 1,933] November 2016 [N=2,926] May 2016 [N=992] April 2016 [N=1,535] November 2015 [N=2,606] July 2015 [N=1,903] April 2015 [N=1,900] September 2013 [N=5,763] August 2013 [N=1,636] May 2013 [N=2,076] December 2012 [N=1,954] November 2012 [N=1,992] September 2012 [N=2,581] April 2012 [N=1,954] February 2012 [N=1,961] May 2011 [N=1,914] Q20 YES, SMARTPHONE NO, NOT A SMARTPHONE DON’T KNOW REFUSED 84 82 81 76 78 76 73 73 61 60 55 52 55 53 46 45 33 15 17 16 17 16 17 20 21 32 33 39 41 38 40 44 46 53 1 1 3 7 6 7 7 5 7 6 5 6 6 6 10 8 14 0 * * 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * Overall, when you use the internet, do you do that mostly using your cell phone or mostly using some other device like a desktop, laptop or tablet computer?4 Based on smartphone owners CURRENT % 46 30 21 2 1 1 [n=1,219] Mostly on cell phone Mostly on something else Both equally (VOL.) Depends (VOL.) Don’t know Refused 4 MAY 2013 APRIL 2012 MAY 2011 34 53 11 1 * * [n=1,185] 31 60 7 2 * * [n=929] 27 62 10 1 * * [n=746] Prior to 2019, this question was asked of respondents who said they use the internet or email on their cellphone. In 2019, the question was posed to respondents who said they use a smartphone. 7 BBSMART1 You said that you [IF SMART2=1, INSERT: have a smartphone, but] do not have high-speed internet service at home. Did you EVER at some point in the past have a broadband internet subscription at home? Based on non-broadband users [N=357] CURRENT % BBSMART2 33 60 7 * JULY 2015 Yes, had broadband No, did not have broadband (VOL.) Don’t know (VOL.) Refused 36 59 4 1 Would you like to have high-speed internet at home [IF BBSMART1=1, INSERT: again], or is that not something you’re interested in? Based on non-broadband users [N=357] CURRENT % 18 80 1 1 JULY 2015 Yes, interested No, not interested (VOL.) Don’t know (VOL.) Refused 25 70 3 2 Please tell me whether any of the following are reasons why you do not have highspeed internet at home. First, how about [INSERT ITEMS; RANDOMIZE]? Is this a reason why you do not have high-speed internet at home? BBSMART3 Next, what about [INSERT NEXT ITEM]? [IF NECESSARY: Is this a reason why you do not have broadband service at home?] YES NO (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED Current [N=357] 50 42 7 1 July 2015 [N=605] 59 34 4 2 Current [N=357] 31 64 4 1 July 2015 [N=605] 45 50 3 2 Current [N=208] 72 27 * 0 July 2015 [N=244] 65 29 4 3 Item A: Based on non-broadband users a. The monthly cost of a home broadband subscription is too expensive Item B: Based on non-broadband users b. The cost of a computer is too expensive Item C: Based on non-broadband users who have a smartphone c. Your smartphone lets you do everything online that you need to do 8 YES NO (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED Current [N=357] 43 53 4 1 July 2015 [N=605] 46 50 2 2 Current [N=357] 22 61 16 1 July 2015 [N=605] 23 63 13 2 Current [N=357] 17 81 1 1 July 2015 [N=605] 25 69 5 2 Item D: Based on non-broadband users d. You have other options for internet access outside of your home Item E: Based on non-broadband users e. Broadband service is not available where you live, or is not available at an acceptable speed Item F: Based on non-broadband users f. Some other reason I haven’t already mentioned (SPECIFY) Thinking of the reasons why you do not have broadband service at home, which of them is the MOST important? Is it that [READ; ONLY INCLUDE ‘YES’ RESPONSES FROM BBSMART3; LIST RESPONSES IN SAME ORDER AS BBSMART3]?5 BBSMART4 Based on non-broadband users [N=357] CURRENT % 23 21 11 6 7 13 4 2 12 JULY 2015 Your smartphone lets you do everything online that you need to do The monthly cost of a home subscription is too expensive You have other options for internet access outside of your home The cost of a computer is too expensive Broadband service is not available where you live, or is not available at an acceptable speed Or some other reason (VOL.) Don’t know BBSMART4 (VOL.) Refused BBSMART4 None is a reason 5 12 33 10 10 5 16 3 3 9 Question was asked of respondents who gave two or more ‘Yes’ responses in BBSMART3. Results shown here also include respondents who gave only one ‘Yes’ response in BBSMART3. 9 WEB1 Please tell me if you ever use any of the following social media sites. Do you ever use… [INSERT ITEMS; RANDOMIZE ITEMS a-e FIRST AS A BLOCK, THEN RANDOMIZE ITEMS f-i AS A BLOCK]? 6 YES, DO THIS NO, DO NOT DO THIS (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED a. Twitter 22 78 0 0 b. Instagram 37 63 * 0 c. Facebook 69 31 0 0 d. Snapchat 24 76 * 0 e. YouTube 73 26 * 0 f. WhatsApp 20 79 1 0 g. Pinterest 28 71 1 * h. LinkedIn 27 73 * 0 i. Reddit 11 88 1 0 Trend based on internet users [N=1,372]; see last column for trend based on total YES, DO THIS YES, DO THIS NO, DO NOT DO THIS (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED (Based on All Adults) 24 27 26 24 23 18 18 16 16 76 73 74 76 77 82 82 84 84 0 * 0 0 * * * * * 0 * * 0 0 0 * * 0 22 24 21 20 19 14 15 13 13 41 39 34 29 26 17 13 12 59 61 66 71 74 82 87 88 * * * * 0 * * 1 0 * * 0 0 0 0 0 37 35 28 24 21 14 11 9 Use Twitter Current January 2018 April 2016 April 2015 September 2014 September 2013 May 2013 December 2012 August 2012 Use Instagram Current January 2018 April 2016 April 2015 September 2014 September 2013 December 2012 August 2012 6 The wording in January 2018 was ‘Please tell me if you ever use any of the following social media sites online or on your cell phone. Do you ever use… [INSERT ITEMS; RANDOMIZE]?’. May 2013 wording was ‘Do you ever use the internet to… [INSERT ITEM; RANDOMIZE]?’ August and December 2012, as well as September 2013 through September 2014 wording was ‘Please tell me if you ever use the internet to do any of the following things. Do you ever… [INSERT ITEM; RANDOMIZE]?’ April 2015 through April 2016 question wording was ‘Please tell me if you ever use the internet or a mobile app to do any of the following things. Do you ever use the internet or a mobile app to… [INSERT ITEM; RANDOMIZE]?’ 10 YES, DO THIS YES, DO THIS NO, DO NOT DO THIS (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED (Based on All Adults) 31 32 30 30 28 21 15 12 68 67 69 69 72 77 83 87 * * * 1 * 2 2 1 * * 0 * 0 * 0 * 28 29 26 26 22 17 13 10 75 76 79 72 71 71 67 66 25 24 21 28 28 29 33 34 0 * * * 0 * * 1 0 * * 0 0 0 0 0 69 68 68 62 58 57 57 54 29 28 28 24 28 22 20 71 71 71 75 72 77 79 * 1 1 1 * 1 1 0 * 0 0 0 * * 27 25 25 22 23 17 16 26 30 74 70 * * 0 * 24 27 79 81 20 18 * * 0 * 73 73 21 24 78 75 1 * 0 * 20 22 Use Pinterest Current January 2018 April 2016 April 2015 September 2014 September 2013 December 2012 August 2012 Use Facebook7 Current January 2018 April 2016 April 2015 September 2014 September 2013 December 13-16, 2012 August 2012 Use LinkedIn Current January 2018 April 2016 April 2015 September 2014 September 2013 August 2012 Use Snapchat Current January 2018 Use YouTube Current January 2018 Use WhatsApp Current January 2018 7 December 13-16, 2012 trend was asked of all internet users as a standalone question: “Do you ever use Facebook?” 11 Thinking about the social media sites you use… About how often do you visit or [INSERT ITEMS; RANDOMIZE]? [READ CATEGORIES AS NECESSARY]8 SNS2 use SEVERAL TIMES A DAY ABOUT ONCE A DAY A FEW TIMES A WEEK EVERY FEW WEEKS LESS OFTEN (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED 25 26 24 25 22 29 17 20 20 14 14 17 29 25 23 23 24 21 10 13 14 16 15 12 18 15 18 22 25 20 0 * * 1 * 1 * * * * 0 0 42 38 36 35 32 35 21 22 16 24 17 22 21 21 26 18 24 21 6 8 10 10 10 6 11 9 12 12 16 15 0 * 0 * 1 1 0 * 0 * 0 0 51 51 55 42 45 40 23 23 21 27 25 24 17 17 16 22 17 23 3 4 3 4 6 6 6 6 4 5 6 8 * * 1 0 * * * * * 0 * 0 46 49 15 14 17 21 8 5 15 10 0 1 0 * 32 29 19 17 32 34 9 12 8 9 * * 0 * Item A: Based on Twitter users a. Twitter Current [N=327] January 2018 [N=458] April 2016 [N=183] April 2015 [N=193] Sept 2014 [N=323] Sept 2013 [N=223] Item B: Based on Instagram users b. Instagram Current [N=493] January 2018 [N=627] April 2016 [N=207] April 2015 [N=219] Sept 2014 [N=317] Sept 2013 [N=196] Item C: Based on Facebook users c. Facebook Current [N=1,005] January 2018 [N=1,336] April 2016 [N=556] April 2015 [N=600] Sept 2014 [N=1,074] Sept 2013 [N=960] Item D: Based on Snapchat users d. Snapchat Current [N=285] January 2018 [N=451] Item E: Based on YouTube users e. YouTube Current [N=1,071] January 2018 [N=1,450] 8 April 2016 question wording was ‘Thinking about the social media sites or mobile apps you use… About how often do you visit or use [INSERT ITEMS; RANDOMIZE]?’ April 2015 items were each asked of a half sample of respondents who use that specific type of social media. September 2013 trend categories were several times a day, about once a day, 3-5 days a week, 1-2 days a week, every few weeks or less often. Results shown here for ‘a few times a week’ combine ‘3-5 days a week’ and ‘1-2 days a week’. 12 DEVICE1 Please tell me if you happen to have each of the following items, or not. Do you have… [INSERT ITEMS; RANDOMIZE]? YES NO (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED 52 53 51 48 45 35 34 25 25 18 14 10 10 8 7 5 4 3 48 46 49 52 54 65 66 75 75 81 85 89 90 92 92 95 96 97 * * * * * * * * * * * 1 * * * * * * 0 * 0 * * * * * * * * * * 0 * * * 0 b. A tablet computer9 Current January 2018 November 2016 April 2016 April 2015 September 2013 May 2013 November 2012 August 2012 April 2012 February 2012 December 2011 August 2011 May 2011 January 2011 November 2010 September 2010 May 2010 9 November 2016 item wording was ‘A tablet computer like an iPad, Samsung Galaxy Tab, Microsoft Surface Pro, or Amazon Fire.’ May 2013 through April 2016, item wording was “A tablet computer like an iPad, Samsung Galaxy Tab, Google Nexus, or Kindle Fire.” April 2015 item was asked of a half sample A. December 2011 through November 2012, item wording was ‘A tablet computer like an iPad, Samsung Galaxy, Motorola Xoom, or Kindle Fire.’ In May 2011 and August 2011, item wording was ‘A tablet computer like an iPad, Samsung Galaxy or Motorola Xoom.’ January 2011 and earlier, item wording was ‘A tablet computer like an iPad’ 13 c. YES NO (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED 74 73 78 74 73 78 80 75 76 77 77 76 79 74 73 75 78 74 75 72 26 27 22 26 27 22 20 25 24 22 23 24 21 26 27 25 22 26 25 27 * * * 0 0 * * * * * 0 * * 0 * * * * * * 0 0 * 0 * * * * * * * * 0 * * * * —- 38 39 41 38 42 42 37 41 62 61 59 62 57 58 63 59 * * * * * * * * 0 * * * * * * * A desktop or laptop computer10 Current January 2018 November 2016 April 2016 April 2015 November 2012 April 2012 December 2011 August 2011 May 2011 November 2010 September 2010 May 2010 January 2010 December 2009 September 2009 April 2009 April 2008 Dec 2007 April 2006 d. A game console11 Current January 2018 April 2015 November 2010 September 2010 May 2010 September 2009 April 2009 10 April 2015 item was asked of a half sample A. Prior to December 2011, ‘A desktop computer’ and ‘A laptop computer or netbook’ were asked as separate items in the list. Results shown here have been recalculated to combine responses for trend purposes. 11 April 2009 through April 2015 item wording was ‘A game console like Xbox or Play Station.’ 14 BOOKS1 During the past 12 months, about how many BOOKS did you read either all or part of the way through? Please include any print, electronic, or audiobooks you may have read or listened to. Current January 2018 April 2016 April 2015 January 2-5, 2014 September 2013 November 2012 February 2012 December 2011 NONE 1 BOOK 2-3 BOOKS 27 24 25 26 23 16 23 23 18 6 5 7 6 5 6 7 6 6 14 15 16 16 14 16 14 17 13 4-5 BOOKS 6-10 BOOKS 11-20 BOOKS MORE THAN 20 BOOKS (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED 9 12 12 11 12 12 12 13 12 14 16 13 14 17 17 15 14 15 13 12 11 12 13 14 13 11 14 15 14 15 14 15 16 14 13 17 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 * 1 1 * * 1 1 1 1 15 BOOKS2 Thinking about all of the books you have read in the past 12 months, were any of those… [INSERT ITEMS IN ORDER]? Were any of those … [INSERT NEXT ITEM]? Based on those who read any books in the past 12 months [N=1097] a. January 2018 [N=1,555] April 2016 [N=1,214] April 2015 [N=1,493] January 2014 [N=780] November 2012 [N=1,754] February 2012 [N=1,377]12 December 2011 [N=2,474] (VOL.) DON’T KNOW (VOL.) REFUSED 89 89 90 87 91 89 90 93 11 11 9 12 8 10 10 7 * * * 1 * 1 * * 0 * * * * * * * 27 24 20 17 19 17 15 14 73 76 80 83 81 83 85 86 * * * * * * * * 0 * * 0 0 0 * 0 35 34 38 37 37 30 29 21 65 65 61 63 63 69 71 78 * 1 * * * * * * 0 * * * 0 * * * Audiobooks January 2018 [N=1,144] Current [N=1,555] April 2016 [N=1,214] April 2015 [N=1,493] January 2014 [N=780] November 2012 [N=1,754] February 2012 [N=1,377] December 2011 [N=2,474] c. NO Printed books Current [N=1,144] b. YES E-books13 January 2018 [N=1,144] Current [N=1,555] April 2016 [N=1,214] April 2015 [N=1,493] January 2014 [N=780] November 2012 [N=1,754] February 2012 [N=1,377] December 2011 [N=2,474] 12 In February 2012, the question was added after interviewing began and trend results are based on respondents who were asked the question and who read any books in the past 12 months. 13 December 2011 through April 2016, item wording was ‘Electronic books, also called e-books.’ 16 Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: computer science data visualization Visual Analysis Activity User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.